4th Global Meeting on Pharmacology and Chemical Biology

Pharmacology is the study of those drugs. No matter which branch of medicine you end up in, you are bound to know about drugs. It is not only about knowing where to use them, it is also about knowing where not to use them. Even surgeons need to know and optimise the pharmacotherapy of certain drugs that they routinely prescribe. So, there is no escape from this ever important field of medicine . You need to have basic knowledge of these drugs even if you are not prescribing all of them. For more details regarding the conference please visit:  https://medicinalchemistryconferences.com/ Regards                            Ferruccio Steven | Program Manager | Pharmacology 2020 Larix International Pte Ltd Contact: +65 31655042 WhatsApp: +65 3158 6820 Email: ferrucciosteven@gmail.com  

Valium is the brand name for diazepam, a benzodiazepine that is popularly prescribed to treat muscle spasms, panic disorder, anxiety and other medical conditions. In some cases, Valium is used to treat people suffering from alcohol withdrawal . Once ingested, the drug acts as a depressant in the body, calming down the central nervous system ( CNS) and relaxing the mind . In decades past, this potent, long-acting drug was dubbed “mother’s little helper.” Popularly prescribed to women in the 1960s and 1970s, Valium became a tool for many women who were trying to juggle the difficulties of motherhood and marriage, and for others, the struggle of being a single parent. The Madness Network News report that 59.3 million prescriptions were written for Valium in the United States in 1974 alone. While the prescription rate for Valium is significantly lower today, the use and abuse of the substance has extended to people of all age groups, genders and s ocioeconomic statuses. For m

TDM or Therapeutic Drug Monitoring could also be a branch of pharmacology and clinical chemistry that concentrate on the measurement of medication concentrations in blood. Its main focus   on drugs with narrow therapeutic window. As it improves patient care by adjusting the dose of drugs for shown it improve outcome in the journal on pharmacology ,demographics and clinical information and or on the process theory and measurement of the blood concentration of medicine . For more details regarding the conference please visit: https://medicinalchemistryconferences.com/ Regards                            Ferruccio Steven | Program Manager | Pharmacology 2020 Larix International Pte Ltd Contact: +65 31655042 WhatsApp: +65 3158 6820 Email: ferrucciosteven@gmail.com  

What are the chances of absorbing drugs such as nicotine/tobacco from handling cigarettes/skin absorption? Adolescents  and youngsters  who  add  tobacco agriculture can and do experience nicotine toxicity while harvesting, curing and handling the tobacco plant in bulk quantities . It’s called “ green tobacco sickness ” and it happens more frequently in countries with lower agricultural safety standards and higher child labor rates. Most tobacco is grown in countries like that, but it  also can  happen here  within the  US. Green Tobacco Sickness in Children and Adolescents It’s possible for a person of any age to absorb nicotine and experience toxicity while handling vape juice, or the liquid or salts content of other electronic nicotine deliver systems. That’s why companies that manufacter these consumer products have this type of dress code: You can also absorb too much nicotine into your skin if you cut open a nicotine patch and get too much of that oil directly

What is synergism in pharmacology? SYNERGISM When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the algebraic sum of their individual effects, it is called as   synergism . It results in either potentiation of the action of the drugs or prolongation of it's therapeutic effects. Synergism occurs when two drugs act at different sites or when one drug alters the pharmacokinetics of the other drug. Examples - Levodopa and Carbidopa  (Carbidopa prevents peripheral metabolism of Levodopa allowing it's entry in brain in greater amounts).   Other example is -  synergistic combination of antihypertensives like Beta - blockers and diuretics like frusemide   (they act at different sites). Another very interesting example is  combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim  , if acting individually both of them are bacteriostatic but when in combination (known as  Cotrimoxazole ) they become bactericidal ( you can read about them in detail in chapters dealing wit

Why does the blood brain barrier prevent some drugs from entering the brain? ·          The brain consumes over 20% of whole body's energy supply and nearly 15% of the blood of cardiac output. so the brain is one of the important organ and we know the complete body and other organ activity directly or indirectly controlled by the brain. so it is very necessary a barrier must be there to check unwanted chemicals/materials from the blood which is not suitable or harmful for the brain. [1] ·          same for few drugs, as  prodrug  (an inactive form of drug which converts into  active drug  after metabolism in body )and  xenobiotics  (a compound that is foreign to body) can be harmful to the brain so they prevent and blocked by the  blood-brain barrier  (BBB). looking at chemical nature ·          Generally, the  NON-LIPID SOLUBLE DRUG  ( example-streptomycin, neostigmine, etc)  don’t penetrate BBB  while the  LIPID-SOLUBLE DRUGS  is   able to  cross BBB  and have action c

To understand how medicines “work” we need to define “ works ”. For the few medicines that cure - less than 5% of medicines cure any disease - works equals “ cures”. Medicines that cure can only cure infectious diseases , and they cure by killing or disabling the infectious agent , the bacteria, virus, fungi , or other parasite . Over 95% of medicines make no claim to cure, and cannot cure any disease . Cured is not defined for any non-infectious disease. For these medicines, “works” is defined as “makes the patient or the doctor feel better about some improvement in the signs and symptoms of the disease - but do not cure”. Diseases that are naturally cured by health , like the common cold , influenza , and measles, are considered incurable - but are often treated with medicines that “work” but cannot cure. How each individual medicine “works is defined and tested in a clinical study, and the results are published as a “health claim” (sic) to the government - the FDA i